Found: Diamond Steppe Island (A-6)
Enter the cave at the top of the island and go through the warp pots until you come across the chart.
What it does: According to what phase the moon is in, the chart will tell you to go to different islands so that you can find and board the ghost ship.

Found: Windfall Island (D-2)
Get it in the Windfall prison after rescuing Tingle.
What it does: It tells you where Tingle Island is as well as the Fairy Islands where you can get your wallet upgraded.

Found: A mailbox
After you go get the Master Sword, Tingle, the crazy fairy man will send you this chart in the mail.
What it does: It shows the location of all the Triforce charts. Once Tingle deciphers a chart, it will also show the location of the Triforce shard.

Found: Northern Triangle Island (D-3)
Use treasure chart 26 to find it.
What it does: It tells you the location of all the Big Octos on the Great Sea as well as how many hits they take to be killed. The one with a Great Fairy trapped inside is marked in pink. To find these Octos, look for flocks of seagulls out on the sea.

Found: Four-Eye Reef (A-2)
Use treasure chart 41 to find it.
What it does: It tells you the location of all the Great Fairies.

Found: Flight Control Platform (G-2)
Use treasure chart 19 to find it.
What it does: It tells you which sectors have islands with hearts as well as how many there are.

Found: Boating Course (F-7)
Use treasure chart 32 to find it.
What it does: It tells you where to find treasure charts that lead to you hearts on the ocean floor.

Found: Overlook Island (G-1)
Use treasure chart 13 to find it.
What it does: It tells you which sectors have caves in them, as well as how many.

Found: Cyclops Reef (C-4)
Use treasure chart 21 to find it.
What it does: It tells you where you can find light rings that only appear at night where you can bring up treasure.

Found: Flight Control Platform (G-2)
Defeat all the enemies in a submarine found there.
What it does: It tells you which sectors have platforms as well as how many there are.

Found: In a mailbox
After you get bombs, Beedle will mail you this chart.
What it does: It tells you the locations of Beedle's Boat Shop.

Found: Boating Course (F-7)
Drop into the cave on the smaller island and use your Boomerang to activate the three switches. Be careful though because enemies will attack you at the same time. I believe the enemies are unlimited as well.
What it does: It tells you where you can find submarines on the Great Sea.